Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium dysfunction, where the thin wall of the interior surface of blood vessels gets damaged leading to the formation of more complex lesions and fatty streak within arterial walls. The main cause of CVD is the blood vessel inflammatory disease, called atherosclerosis. It is estimated that the total direct and indirect costs were US $351.2B in 2014–2015, adjusting to inflation. This has deep economic implications on the US economy. The major causes of such an increase in fatalities can be attributed to an increase in tobacco use, physical inactivity, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis, coronary artery disease, and other disorders. AI-based methods for cIMT/PA segmentation have emerged for CVD/stroke risk monitoring and may expand to the recommended parameters for atherosclerosis assessment by carotid ultrasound.Ĭardiovascular disease (CVD)-related deaths in the United States of America (USA) were 17.6 million in 2016, and that is 14.5% higher than reported in 2006. This review summarizes (1) the evolution and impact of the fast-changing AI technology on cIMT/PA measurement, (2) the mathematical representations of ML/DL methods, and (3) segmentation approaches for cIMT/PA regions in carotid scans based for (a) region-of-interest detection and (b) lumen-intima and media-adventitia interface detection using ML/DL frameworks. Both ML and DL techniques are examples of supervised learning, i.e., learn from “ground truth” images and transformation of test images that are not part of the training. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) can provide automated techniques in the detection and measurement of cIMT and PA from carotid vascular images. This study reviews the modern and automated methods such as artificial intelligence (AI)-based. Earlier segmentation and measurement methods were based on ad hoc conventional and semi-automated digital imaging solutions, which are unreliable, tedious, slow, and not robust. The two primary image-based phenotypes used for monitoring the atherosclerosis burden is carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and plaque area (PA). Atherosclerosis disease in the arteries is the main cause of the CVD, leading to myocardial infarction and stroke. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the top ten leading causes of death worldwide.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |